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2 UNITAID and World Health Organization, ‘UNITAID 2013 Annual Report: Transforming Markets Saving Lives’ (UNITAID, 2013), http://unitaid.org/assets/UNITAID_Annual_Report_2013.pdf.
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7 World Health Organization.
8 World Health Organization, ‘Deafness and Hearing Loss’.
9 World Health Organization, ‘Addressing the Rising Prevalence of Hearing Loss’.
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11 The World Bank, ‘The World Bank 2017 Population Data’, accessed 21 May 2019, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.
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13 World Health Organization, ‘Facts about Ageing’, W.H.O., accessed 30 May 2019, http://www.who.int/ageing/about/facts/en/.
14 World Health Organization, ‘Deafness and Hearing Loss’.
15 ‘Hearing Loss in Patients on Treatment for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis | European Respiratory Society’, accessed 14 August 2019, https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/40/5/1277.
16 World Health Organization, ‘Assistive Technology’, Fact Sheet, Assistive technology, 18 May 2018, https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/assistive-technology.
17 Melissa Auchter, ‘The Basics of Hearing’ (University Presentation, n.d.).
18 The Boston Consulting Group, ‘Hearing Aid Compendium’, (27 April 2018).
19 Individuals with hearing loss and their families may also utilise other skills to support language development and communication in place of or in combination with hearing aids. This could include the use of sign language, such as American or British, Australian and New Zealand Sign Language, International Sign or Manually Coded English, natural gestures, speech reading, finger spelling, listening or auditory training, and spoken speech.
20 World Health Organization, ‘Deafness’.
21 World Health Organization, ‘Deafness’.
22 The W.H.O. analysis suggests that annual cost of unaddressed hearing loss is in the range of $750-790 billion (in 2015 international dollars) with $67-107 billion attributed to costs in the health-care sector, $3.9 billion estimated cost to the education sector of providing support for children with unaddressed hearing loss, $105 billion due to loss productivity from unemployment and premature retirement and $573 billion attributable to societal costs of social isolation, communication difficulties and stigma.
23 World Health Organization, ‘Deafness and Hearing Loss’.
24 Olusola Ayodele Sogebi, Lateef Olutoyin Oluwole, and Taofeeq Oluwaninsola Mabifah, ‘Functional Assessment of Elderly Patients with Hearing Impairment: A Preliminary Evaluation’, Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics 6, no. 1 (1 March 2015): 15–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcgg.2014.08.004.
25 Harvey Abrams, ‘Hearing Loss and Associated Comorbidities: What Do We Know?’, Hearing Review, accessed 3 August 2019, http://www.hearingreview.com/2017/11/hearing-loss-associated-comorbidities-know/.
26 Frank R. Lin et al., ‘Hearing Loss and Incident Dementia’, Archives of Neurology 68, no. 2 (February 2011): 214–20, https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.362.
27 Frank R. Lin et al., ‘Hearing Loss and Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults’, JAMA Internal Medicine 173, no. 4 (25 February 2013), https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868.
28 International Centre for Evidence in Disability, World Wide Hearing, and London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, ‘Do Hearing Aids Improve Lives? An Impact Study among a Low-Income Population in Guatemala’ (Guatemala, December 2016).
29 Sound Seekers, ‘World Hearing Day 2018: Shine's Story’, Sound Seekers (blog), 3 March 2018, https://www.sound-seekers.org.uk/world-hearing-day-2018-shines-story/.
30 World Health Organization, ‘Multi-Country Assessment of National Capacity to Provide Hearing Care’, 2012, https://www.who.int/pbd/publications/WHOReportHearingCare_Englishweb.pdf.
31 World Health Organization.
32 World Health Organization.
33 Robert Tarynor, ‘Status of Audiology in India–Robert Traynor’, Hearing Health Matters, 18 April 2017, https://hearinghealthmatters.org/hearinginternational/2017/status-audiology-india/.
34 Clinton Health Access Initiative.
35 World Health Organization, ‘Guidelines for Hearing Aids and Services for Developing Countries’ (World Health Organization, September 2014), https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43066/9241592435_eng.pdf;jsessionid=F786E9D3B560BC51C927A025ACA7BE7D?sequence=1.
36 World Health Organization, ‘W.H.O. | Primary Ear and Hearing Care’, W.H.O., accessed 18 June 2019, http://www.who.int/deafness/activities/hearing_care/en/.
37 World Health Organization, ‘Preferred Profile for Hearing-Aid Technology Suitable for Low- and Middle-Income Countries’, 2017, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258721/9789241512961-eng.pdf;jsessionid=3B6095AEAE69D5803D78325AD275C869?sequence=1.
38 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (see Appendix A.).
39 A telecoil picks up signals from an audio induction loop systems or F.M. radio system to stream amplified sounds directly to the hearing aid. Telecoil facilities are critical to increasing compatibility with other assistive technology. Loop systems are often found in concert halls, universities, and other public spaces to support hearing in noisy or large spaces.
40 Starkey, ‘What Are Different Types, Styles of Hearing Aids?’, accessed 14 June 2019, https://www.starkey.com.
41 Dr. Paddy Ricard et al., ‘Community Ear and Hearing Health’, LSHTM Newsletters, 2018.
42 I.P. is the name of the standard developed by International Electrotechnical Commission (I.E.C.) to determine how resistant an electrical device is to water, dust and sand.
43 Max Parker, ‘IP67 vs IP68: Waterproof IP Ratings Explained’, Trusted Reviews, 7 September 2018, https://www.trustedreviews.com/opinion/what-is-ip68-ip-ratings-explained-2947135.
44 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (see Appendix A.).
45 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (see Appendix A.).
46 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (see Appendix A.).
47 Sonova, ‘Sonova Investor Presentation - June 2019’ (Sonova, June 2019), https://www.sonova.com/en/system/files/ir_presentation_june_2019_final.pdf.
48 Oticon, ‘Trends and Directions in the Hearing Healthcare Market. Niels Jacobsen, President & C.E.O., William Demant Holding Søren Nielsen, President, Oticon - P.D.F.’, accessed 14 June 2019, https://docplayer.net/27118938-Trends-and-directions-in-the-hearing-healthcare-market-niels-jacobsen-president-ceo-william-demant-holding-soren-nielsen-president-oticon.html.
49 Oticon, ‘Trends and Directions in the Hearing Healthcare Market. Niels Jacobsen, President & C.E.O., William Demant Holding Søren Nielsen, President, Oticon - P.D.F.’.
50 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (see Appendix A.).
51 Costco, ‘Costco Hearing Aid Center | Costco’, accessed 21 July 2019, https://www.costco.com/hearing-aid-center.html.
52 OpinYon, ‘Quality but Affordable Hearing Aids Launched in the Philippines’, 28 July 2018, http://www.opinyon.com.ph/index.php/3433-quality-but-affordable-hearing-aids-launched-in-the-philippines.
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54 OpinYon, ‘Quality but Affordable Hearing Aids Launched in the Philippines’.
55 G.E. Healthcare, ‘One Hearing Aid at a Time, This Woman Is Changing the Lives of Thousands - G.E. Healthcare The Pulse’, accessed 21 July 2019, http://newsroom.gehealthcare.com/one-hearing-aid-at-a-time-this-woman-is-changing-the-lives-of-thousands/.
56 Holly Hosford-Dunn, ‘Consumers, Consumers...Where Art Thou? – Holly Hosford-Dunn’, Hearing Economics, 31 August 2016, https://hearinghealthmatters.org/hearingeconomics/2016/price-as-factor-in-us-hearing-aid-adoption/.
57 IntriCon, ‘IntriCon Investor Relations Presentation - May 2019’, accessed 17 June 2019, https://investorrelations.intricon.com/static-files/c35b14e5-2e40-46f2-92a2-11c4485b0222.
58 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A).
59 British Academy of Audiology, A.S.G., and Sydserff, ‘Audiology Supplies Group...what's That All about Then?’, https://www.baaudiology.org/files/1414/5796/1687/1145_Peter_Sydserff.pdf
60 N.H.S. England. ‘Commissioning Services for People with Hearing Loss: A framework for clinical commissioning groups.’ 2016, https://www.england.nhs.uk/publication/commissioning-hearing-loss-framework/
61 British Academy of Audiology, A.S.G., and Sydserff.
62 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.).
63 N.H.S. England, ‘Action Plan on Hearing Loss’ (U.K. N.H.S., n.d.), https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/act-plan-hearing-loss-upd.pdf.
64 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.)..
65 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.).
66 I.H.H.A.P.P., ‘I.H.H.A.P.P. Home Page’, accessed 18 June 2019, https://ihhapp.org/.
67 Tess Bright et al., ‘Reasons for Low Uptake of Referrals to Ear and Hearing Services for Children in Malawi’, accessed 25 June 2019, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5736203/#pone.0188703.ref010.
68 World Wide Hearing, ‘World Wide Hearing’, World Wide Hearing, accessed 25 June 2019, https://www.wwhearing.org/; Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.).
69 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.).
70 Bradley McPherson and Ron Brouillette, Audiology in Developing Countries (Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York, 2008).
71 Tess Bright and Danuk Pallawela, ‘Validated Smartphone-Based Apps for Ear and Hearing Assessments: A Review’, JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies 3, no. 2 (23 December 2016), https://doi.org/10.2196/rehab.6074.
72 Medtronic, ‘Shruti’, accessed 10 August 2019, https://www.medtronic.com/in-en/about/shruti.html.
73 At the end of 2018, Shoebox announced that they had entered into a strategic partnership with Sivantos, one of the Big 5 companies. Shoebox is an independently managed entity within Sivantos.
74 Tao, K.F.M. et al. ‘Teleaudiology Services for Rehabilitation With Hearing Aids in Adults: A Systematic Review,’ (July 2018), JSLHR Vol. 61:1831-1849.
75 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.).
76 Coalition for Global Hearing Health, ‘C.G.H.H. Conference’, accessed 20 June 2019, https://cghh.usu.edu/schedule/Grid_Details.cfm?pg=none&aid=9815&ty=grid&des=reg.
77 Clinton Health Access Initiative, C.H.A.I. Expert Interview (refer to Appendix A.).
78 Clinton Health Access Initiative.
79 Dr. Frank Lin, ‘Where We Are and Where We're Headed: The Importance of Over-the-Counter Hearing Aids to the Future of Hearing Health Care’, Hearing Loss Magazine, n.d.
80 F.D.A., ‘Device Classification under Section 513(f)(2)(de Novo)’, accessed 26 June 2019, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfPMN/denovo.cfm?ID=DEN180026.
81 Hearing Review, ‘Self-Fitting Hearing Aid’, Hearing Review, accessed 26 June 2019, http://www.hearingreview.com/2018/10/new-self-fitting-hearing-aid-class-special-controls-described-fda-letter/.
82 Gitte Keidser and Elizabeth Convery, ‘Outcomes With a Self-Fitting Hearing Aid’, Trends in Hearing 22 (1 May 2018), https://doi.org/10.1177/2331216518768958.
83 Geoffrey Cooling, ‘Meet The New Bose Hearing Aid, Quite Like The Old Bose Hearing Aid’, Hearing Aid Know, 15 March 2019, https://www.hearingaidknow.com/meet-the-bose-hearing-aid.
84 Items in bold signify activities related to hearing aid delivery
85 American Speech Language Hearing Association, ‘Hearing and Balance’, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, accessed 18 June 2019, https://www.asha.org/public/hearing/.
86 World Health Organization, Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less-Resourced Settings, accessed 21 May 2019, https://www.who.int/disabilities/publications/technology/wheelchairguidelines/en/.
87 Brande Plotnick, ‘What Is Tympanometry and How Is It Used?’, Healthy Hearing, 19 August 2016, https://www.healthyhearing.com/report/33583-What-is-tympanometry-and-how-is-it-used.
88 World Health Organization, Guidelines on the Provision of Manual Wheelchairs in Less-Resourced Settings.
89 William Newton Hospital, ‘Pure Tone Air & Bone Conduction Audiometry’, accessed 1 April 2019, http://www.wnhcares.org/getpage.php?name=pure_tone.
90 William Newton Hospital, ‘Pure Tone Air & Bone Conduction Audiometry’, accessed 1 April 2019, http://www.wnhcares.org/getpage.php?name=pure_tone.
91 American Academy of Audiology, ‘Real-Ear Measures’, Audiology, 7 December 2017, https://www.audiology.org/news/real-ear-measures.
92 World Health Organization, ‘Preferred Profile for Hearing-Aid Technology Suitable for Low- and Middle-Income Countries’.
93 This is an adapted summary of the Profile. The full profile can be found through the following citation: W.H.O.. Preferred profile for hearing-aid technology suitable for low- and middle-income countries. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. Online: https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/1087770/retrieve