Product Narrative : Digital Assistive Technology

^1. World Health Organization. Assistive technology. WHO; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/assistive-technology. ↩︎

^2.Banes D, Hayes A, Kurz C, Kushalnagar R. Using information communications technologies (ICT) to implement universal design for learning (UDL). University Research Co; 2019. Available from: https://www.urc-chs.com/sites/default/files/urc-grn-ict.pdf. ↩︎

^3.GSMA. The state of mobile internet connectivity. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GSMA-State-of-Mobile-Internet-Connectivity-Report-2019.pdf. ↩︎

^4.GSMA. Understanding the mobile disability gap. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GSMA_Understanding-the-mobile-disability-gap_116pg_Accessible.pdf. ↩︎

^5.UNESCO. Global report: opening new avenues for empowerment. UNESCO; 2013. ↩︎

^6.World Health Organization. Assistive technology. WHO; 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/assistive-technology. ↩︎

^7.UNITAID and World Health Organization. UNITAID 2013 annual report: transforming markets saving lives. UNITAID; 2013. Available from: http://unitaid.org/assets/UNITAID_Annual_Report_2013.pdf. ↩︎

^8.Suzman, M. Using financial guarantees to provide women access to the modern contraceptive products they want to plan their families. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and World Economic Forum; 2016 May. Available from: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/GACSD_Knowledge%20Hub_Using_Financial_Guarantees_To_Provide_Women_Access_To_Modern_Contraceptives.pdf. ↩︎

^9.Banes D, Hayes A, Kurz C, Kushalnagar R. Using information communications technologies (ICT) to implement universal design for learning (UDL). University Research Co; 2019. Available from: https://www.urc-chs.com/sites/default/files/urc-grn-ict.pdf. ↩︎

^10.Banes D, Hayes A, Kurz C, Kushalnagar R. Using information communications technologies (ICT) to implement universal design for learning (UDL). University Research Co; 2019. Available from: https://www.urc-chs.com/sites/default/files/urc-grn-ict.pdf. ↩︎

^11.Holloway C. Disability interaction (DIX): a manifesto. Interactions. 2019; 26(2):44-49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3310322. ↩︎

^12.Wobbrock J, Kane S, Gajos K, Harada S, Froehlich J. Ability-based design: concept, principles and examples. 2011. ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing. 2011;3(3). ↩︎

^13.Persson H, Åhman H, Yngling AA, Gulliksen J. Universal design, inclusive design, accessible design, design for all: different concepts – one goal? On the concept of accessibility – historical, methodological and philosophical aspects. Universal Access in the Information Society. 2014;14(4):505-526. ↩︎

^14.GSMA. Understanding the mobile disability gap. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GSMA_Understanding-the-mobile-disability-gap_116pg_Accessible.pdf. ↩︎

^15.GSMA. The state of mobile internet connectivity. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/GSMA-State-of-Mobile-Internet-Connectivity-Report-2019.pdf. ↩︎

^16.GSMA. The mobile economy 2020. GSMA; 2020. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GSMA_MobileEconomy2020_Global.pdf. ↩︎

^17.GSMA. The mobile economy 2020. GSMA; 2020. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/GSMA_MobileEconomy2020_Global.pdf. ↩︎

^18.Silver L. Smartphone ownership is growing rapidly around the world, but not always equally. Pew Research Center [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/02/05/smartphone-ownership-is-growing-rapidly-around-the-world-but-not-always-equally/. ↩︎

^19.GSMA. Understanding the mobile disability gap. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GSMA_Understanding-the-mobile-disability-gap_116pg_Accessible.pdf. ↩︎

^20.GSMA. Accelerating digital literacy: empowering women to use the mobile internet. GSMA; 2015. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/DigitalLiteracy_v6_WEB_Singles.pdf. ↩︎

^21.International Telecommunication Union and G3ict. Making mobile phones and services accessible for persons with disabilities. ITU; 2012. ↩︎

^22.Barbareschi G, Holloway C, Arnold K, Magomere G. The social network: how people with visual impairment use mobile phones in Kibera, Kenya. 2020. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery. ↩︎

^23.GSMA. Understanding the mobile disability gap. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GSMA_Understanding-the-mobile-disability-gap_116pg_Accessible.pdf. ↩︎

^24.Barbareschi G, Holloway C, Arnold K, Magomere G. The social network: how people with visual impairment use mobile phones in Kibera, Kenya. 2020. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery. ↩︎

^25.International Telecommunication Union and G3ict. Making mobile phones and services accessible for persons with disabilities. ITU; 2012 ↩︎

^26.CHAI analysis. ↩︎

^27.GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, originally Groupe Spécial Mobile) Association is an industry organisation that represents the interests of mobile network operators worldwide. ↩︎

^28.CHAI analysis based on World Bank Income Segmentation Data: World Bank Data Team. New country classifications by income level: 2019-2020. World Bank Blogs [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-income-level-2019-2020. ↩︎

^29.GSMA. Understanding the mobile disability gap. GSMA; 2019. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/GSMA_Understanding-the-mobile-disability-gap_116pg_Accessible.pdf. ↩︎

^30.International Telecommunication Union and G3ict. Model ICT accessibility policy report. ITU and G3ict; 2014. Available from: https://g3ict.org/publication/model-ict-accessibility-policy-report. ↩︎

^31.World Bank Group. World development report: learning to realize education’s promise. World Bank; 2018. ↩︎

^32.Global Accessibility Reporting Initiative (GARI). Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://www.gari.info. ↩︎

^33.Atvisor. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://www.atvisor.ai. ↩︎

^34.GSMA. Accelerating affordable smartphone ownership in emerging markets. GSMA; 2017. Available from: https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Accelerating-affordable-smartphone-ownership-in-emerging-markets-2017_we.pdf. ↩︎

^35.International Telecommunication Union and G3ict. Model ICT accessibility policy report. ITU and G3ict; 2014. Available from: https://g3ict.org/publication/model-ict-accessibility-policy-report. ↩︎

^36.UNESCO. Global report: opening new avenues for empowerment. UNESCO; 2013. ↩︎

^37.Göransson D. What is a screen reader? Axess lab [Internet]. 2019. Available from: https://axesslab.com/what-is-a-screen-reader. ↩︎

^38.UNESCO. Global report: opening new avenues for empowerment. UNESCO; 2013. ↩︎

^39.World Health Organization. World report on vision. WHO; 2019. ↩︎

^40.National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda [Internet]. Fourth population and housing census. 2012. Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.rw/survey-period/fourth-population-and-housing-census-2012. ↩︎

^41.US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Persons with a disability: labor force characteristics. USBLS; 2019. Available from: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/disabl.pdf. ↩︎

^42.Global Research, Innovation, and Education in Assistive Technology (GREAT) Summit. TalentWorks. WHO; 2017. Available from: https://www.who.int/phi/implementation/assistive_technology/great_summit/GS28_BROGIOLI_TalentWorks.pdf. ↩︎

^43.International Telecommunication Union. Good practices and achievements in ICT accessibility in the Americas region: guidelines and recommendations. ITU; 2016. Available from : https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Regional-Presence/Americas/Documents/EVENTS/2016/15526-MX/AAIII-best-practices-and-guidelines-Accesible-EN.pdf. ↩︎

^44.Perez A. Digital access for jobseekers with disabilities. Leonard Cheshire Disability; 2020. Available from: https://www.leonardcheshire.org/our-impact/stories/digital-access-jobseekers-disabilities. ↩︎

^45.UNESCO. Global report: opening new avenues for empowerment. UNESCO; 2013. ↩︎

^46.Gunnarsson B, Hreinsson H. Practical screen reader comparison: a user-oriented approach. Icelandic National Institute for The Blind, Partially Sighted And Deaf Blind; 2011. ↩︎

^47.WebAIM [Internet]. Screen reader user survey #8 ResultsSurvey. 2019. Available from: https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey8/ ↩︎

^48.WebAIM [Internet]. Screen reader user survey #8 ResultsSurvey. 2019. Available from: https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey8/. ↩︎

^49.WebAIM [Internet]. Screen reader user survey #8 ResultsSurvey. 2019. Available from: https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey8/. ↩︎

^50.WebAIM [Internet]. Screen reader user survey #8 ResultsSurvey. 2019. Available from: https://webaim.org/projects/screenreadersurvey8/. ↩︎

^51.Banes D, Hayes A, Kurz C, Kushalnagar R. Using information communications technologies (ICT) to implement universal design for learning (UDL). University Research Co; 2019. Available from: https://www.urc-chs.com/sites/default/files/urc-grn-ict.pdf. ↩︎

^52.SourceForge. eSpeak text to speech. Available from: http://espeak.sourceforge.net. ↩︎

^53.UNESCO. Global report: opening new avenues for empowerment. UNESCO; 2013. ↩︎

^54.Verkijika, SF, De Wet L. Determining the accessibility of e-government websites in Sub-Saharan Africa against WCAG 2.0 standard. International Journal of Electronic Government Research. 2017;13(1):52-68. ↩︎

^55.Cátalogo de dispositivos móviles accesibles. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: http://movilesaccesibles.ift.org.mx. ↩︎

^56.DAISY standards. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://daisy.org/activities/standards. ↩︎

^57.National Network for Equitable Library Service [Internet]. What is DAISY format? Available from: https://nnels.ca/help/downloading-and-reading-books/what-daisy-format. ↩︎

^58.Orme R. Accelerating accessible content: progress through the DAISY Consortium. National Federation of the Blind; 2019. Available from: https://www.nfb.org/images/nfb/publications/bm/bm19/bm1910/bm191017.htm. ↩︎

^59.DAISY Consortium membership. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://daisy.org/about-us/membership. ↩︎

^60.Jette A, Spicer CM, Flaubert JL. The promise of assistive technology to enhance activity and work participation. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; 2017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK453284/. ↩︎

^61.Wylie K, McAllister L, Davidson B, Marshall J. Changing practice: implications of the World Report on Disability for responding to communication disability in under-served populations. Int J Speech-Lang Pa. 2013;15(1): 1-13. ↩︎

^62.Davidoff, B. AAC with energy – earlier. The Asha Leader. 2017;22(1): 48-53. ↩︎

^63.Communication Matters. Shining a light on augmentative and alternative communication. Communication Matters; 2013. Available from: https://communicationmatters.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/2013_Shining_a_Light_on_AAC.pdf. ↩︎

^64.Rounded estimate based on global population of 7.8 billion people. ↩︎

^65.Franz L, Chambers N, Isenburg M, De Vries P. Autism spectrum disorder in Sub-Saharan Africa: a comprehensive scoping review. Autism Research. 2017;10(5):723-749. ↩︎

^66.Discover AAC. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: http://www.discoveraac.org. https://www.researchnester.com/reports/speech-generating-devices-market/666. ↩︎

^67.Fact.MR [Internet]. Speech generating devices market forecast, trend analysis and competition tracking: global market insights 2017 to 2022. 2017. Available from: https://www.factmr.com/report/53/speech-generating-devices-market. https://www.researchnester.com/reports/speech-generating-devices-market/666. ↩︎

^68.Research Nester [Internet]. Global speech generating devices market overview. 2020. Available from: https://www.researchnester.com/reports/speech-generating-devices-market/666. ↩︎

^69.Research Nester [Internet]. Global speech generating devices market overview. 2020. Available from: https://www.researchnester.com/reports/speech-generating-devices-market/666. ↩︎

^70.Boardmaker. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://goboardmaker.com. ↩︎

^71.PicSeePal. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://picseepal.com. ↩︎

^72.Wylie K, McAllister L, Davidson B, Marshall J. Changing practice: implications of the World Report on Disability for responding to communication disability in under-served pop¬ulations. Int J Speech-Lang Pa. 2013;15(1): 1-13. ↩︎

^73.NHS Education for Scotland. Informing and profiling augmentative and alternative communication knowledge and skills. NHS Scotland; 2014. Available from: https://www.nes.scot.nhs.uk/media/2507407/nesd0214aacframework-re.pdf. ↩︎

^74.Global Symbols. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://globalsymbols.com. ↩︎

^75.Cboard. Website [Internet; cited 2020 September 1]. Available from: https://www.cboard.io. ↩︎

^76.Jovic A, Panwar BP, Hyun C, Mapuranga M, Constantopedos E. Giving every child a voice with AAC technology. UNICEF [Internet]. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/innovation/stories/giving-every-child-voice-aac-technology. ↩︎

^77.Starble A, Hutchins T, Favro M, Prelock P, Bitner B. Family-centered intervention and satisfaction with AAC device training. Comm Disord Q. 2005;27:47-54. ↩︎

Notes